In-Text+Citations

= How to include in-text citations =

When writing a research paper, you must always acknowledge any works or ideas of others that have influenced your experiment, conclusions, or interpretation of the data. This is done by including **a citation** in the body of the manuscript and its corresponding **literature reference** in the Literature Cited section of the paper**.**
 * Direct quotes should be avoided.** Only use direct quotes if there is no other way of stating the same concept in your own words. Review papers generally consist of paraphrasing (writing about someone else's work in your OWN WORDS). []

Use this guide from Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) for more help: [] - Short quotes - Long quotes - Paraphrasing

Example
The following paragraph is from the Introduction of a research manuscript. Note the four **literature citations**  (highlighted in red):

Although the water economies of a number of species of amphibians have been studied, the majority of these investigations have been interspecific in nature (**Smith //et al//., 1998** ). Such studies have often sought to elucidate adaptive differences among species ( **Schmid, 1965; Ralin & Rogers, 1972; Gillis, 1979** ). Although developmental stages of amphibians often occupy different habitats, corresponding changes in ecophysiological parameters have been relatively unstudied.

===The **literature references** corresponding to these four citations were listed in the Literature Cited section of the same manuscript: ===

Gillis, R. (1979). Adaptive differences in the water economies of two species of leopard frogs from eastern Colorado.

Journal of Herpetology, 13, 445-450.

Ralin, D.B. & Rogers, J.S. (1972). Aspects of tolerance to desiccation in //Acris crepitans// and //Pseudacris streckeri//. //Copeia, 1972,// 519-525.

Schmid, W.D. (1965). Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of amphibians. //Ecology, 46,// 261-269.

Smith, J.W., Pettus, D., & Hoppe, D.W. (1998). One hundred years of amphibian water economy studies: what have we learned? //American Zoologist, 66,//124-198.